DIAGRAMATIC AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION: TYPES OF DIAGRAMS: Three-dimensional Diagrams: Three-dimensional diagrams, also known as volume diagram, consist of cubes, cylinders, spheres, etc. In such diagrams three things, namely length, width and height have to be taken into account. Of all the figures, making of cubes is easy. Side of a cube is drawn in proportion… Read More »

DIAGRAMATIC AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION: TYPES OF DIAGRAMS: Two-dimensional Diagrams: In one-dimensional diagrams, only length 9 is taken into account. But in two-dimensional diagrams the area represent the data and so the length and breadth have both to be taken into account. Such diagrams are also called area diagrams or surface diagrams. The important types of… Read More »

DIAGRAMATIC AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION: One of the most convincing and appealing ways in which statistical results may be presented is through diagrams and graphs. Just one diagram is enough to represent a given data more effectively than thousand words. Moreover even a layman who has nothing to do with numbers can also understands diagrams. Evidence… Read More »

Types of class intervals: There are three methods of classifying the data according to class intervals – a) Exclusive method b) Inclusive method c) Open-end classes a) Exclusive method: When the class intervals are so fixed that the upper limit of one class is the lower limit of the next class; it is known as… Read More »

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION  Data in a frequency array is ungrouped data. To group the data setting up of a 'frequency distribution' is required. A frequency distribution classifies the data into groups. It is simply a table in which the data are grouped into classes and the number of cases which fall in each class are recorded. … Read More »

Classification of Data In most research studies, voluminous raw data collected through a survey need to be reduced into homogeneous groups for any meaningful analysis. This necessitates classification of data, which in simple terms is the process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis of some characteristics. The process of grouping into… Read More »

Secondary data Secondary data are collected by investigators from sources other than primary respondents. Secondary data are collected from both, published and unpublished sources. It means secondary data are those data which have been already collected and analysed by some earlier agency for its own use; and later the same data are used by a… Read More »